The Attributes of God According to
Non-Muslims (The Christians)
The Christians
ascribed to the God they worship that which is not acceptable to man's sound,
good nature; rather, it scorns and opposes it. They have deigned to describe
Him in terms unacceptable to honest, straightforward reason; in fact, it
objects to it and deems it improper.
The belief of the Christians about their
God and Creator is a muddy, unclear belief that no simple person can
understand, because it confounds the thinking and overwhelms the mind. It is
nothing but man-made philosophy. To explain:
Allah (Glorious & Exalted) did not
create His slaves and send them prophets and messengers for them to complicate
matters of religion and belief for them or for them to complicate them for each
other. The clear, correct belief which man's pure, good nature accepts must
necessarily be free of any flaws or murkiness so that all people can understand
and accept it, no matter what the level of their intellect. This is part of the
Wisdom of Allah (Glorious & Exalted).
As for beliefs that present difficulty and
distress to the thinking and to the mind, no one understands them except a
limited group of people. Thus it can be said that, without a doubt, any books
that come with such troublesome, depraved beliefs must have been corrupted and
ruined by human hands and banished from the sphere of Divine guidance for human
beings.
To explain in the context of Christianity,
they believe in God the Creator saying:
They acknowledge One God (because the
Torah says so), but at the same time, they say that He has three persons or
substances. Then they try to solve and untangle this riddle between there being
One God, as in the Torah, and there being three, according to their doctrines.
They claim that the three persons of the
Divine Essence, or the three substances, are: the Father, the Son and the Holy
Spirit, and by this they also mean that these have existence, life and
knowledge. Yet, among them there is great disagreement and division.
They said that the Father is the Origin,
from Whom the Holy Spirit proceeded, and from Whom the Son was begotten, or
generated, by force and necessity, so that no time elapsed between His
Existence and the Existence of them both, as this took place since the
Existence of the Father Himself.
As such, they do not acknowledge any
superiority between the Father and the other two persons, because they are all
the same without distinction or difference. Then they gave each of these three
supposed persons a special job. Yet, in the end, they proceed together, as one
power. May Allah be greatly exalted above the likes of such falsehood.
Then, they claimed that the Son is a
god—that he is one of the three persons, incarnate in the form of a human being
(the Christ) to offer himself up as a sacrifice. The secret of this, they
claim, is in a strange story.
They say: when the Lord created Adam, He
placed him in Heaven and ordered him to eat from every tree, except one. This
story is told in the Book of Genesis: "And the Lord God took the man, and
put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it. But of the tree of
the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that
thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die." [Genesis 2: 16-17]
Then they claimed that Adam ate from the
tree, and therefore deserved death as threatened by the Lord God, except that
the Lord God did not execute His threat, for He was overcome by mercy for Adam.
However, it was necessary to achieve mercy and justice together. And so it was
as though the Lord God had not expected Adam to eat from the tree, and it thus
became a problem, a crisis, and a conflict. Because of this contradiction
between mercy and justice, and how to achieve them both, together, God Himself
offered the Son for ransom ages and ages later (since the creation of Adam and
his descendents after him) to be humiliated, crucified, and executed as a
criminal, in order to fulfill the principle of justice and to atone for his sin
and mistake (eating from the forbidden tree) and to atone for the sins and
errors of his descendents (among them, prophets and righteous men) and of their
father, Adam. That is, after the Lord God showed mercy to Adam by not executing
him when he ate from the tree.
Then they claimed that the Divine Son was
humiliated, crucified, and executed when he offered himself up as a sacrifice,
but only after trying to escape, and after asking and pleading with the Divine
Father to save him. Then he remained dead, hanging on the cross (which they
also worship since their 'God' was crucified on it) until he was buried in a
sepulcher. Then he left the grave and ascended into heaven. May Allah be
greatly exalted above all these lies.
Note:
The case of the Christians in these lies
and false claims is the same as the legend of Ashtar and Baal. The Christians
claim the existence of a Divine Son who sacrificed himself, was crucified,
executed, and buried, and then rose again, ascending into Heaven, in order to
cleanse and purify mankind of their sins as a result of Adam eating from the
forbidden tree. Then Saul of Tarsus (who changed his name to Paul and corrupted
the religion of the followers of Christ) began calling him the Savior and
Redeemer. Likewise, in the legend of Ashtar and Baal, it is claimed that Ashtar
was the Queen of the Sky, who would send her son, the sun-god, Baal, in the
middle of the summer to save the earth from its barrenness, but the gods of the
underworld captured him and he died. Then the mother, Ashtar, would come down
to save him from their hands on December 25th, and so on. Thus, the
weakening of the sun is the death of the Divine Son (Baal), and the return of
the sun to its full glory and strength is the rebirth of the Divine Son (Baal).
Just as the Messiah who was called the
Redeemer dies and descends into the underworld and then rises again after death
to save mankind from its sins, Baal saves mankind by rescuing its agriculture
from the barrenness of their land.
At the beginning of the 4th
century CE, there appeared the Byzantine Emperor, Constantine, who used to
worship Baal by the name of 'the unconquerable sun.' So the worshippers of the
cross turned the pagans into Christians and made the first day of the week,
'Sunday' (the day of the sun), a holiday for Christians, and the birthday of
Baal on December 25th became the birthday of Christ.
And
so, it was at this time that the Roman Catholic Church arose, built on the
worship of the Mother (the Virgin Mary) and the sacrificed son (Jesus). In
fact, if we wanted, we could say that the mother is Ashtar and the son is Baal.
Thus the popes of the church continue to
this day to follow the path of Constantine. May Allah (Mighty & Majestic)
be greatly exalted above all these falsehoods.
With that, the key to the riddle of
corrupt Christian beliefs comes clear. It was thrust into the embrace of a
number of ancient pagan traditions, and therefore lost the Divine sanction
necessary for the guidance of humanity.
Before
refuting such lies and delusions, we ask in astonishment:
Could any pure nature and sound mind
accept such wild and farcical stories about God, the Creator, the Lord of
Heaven and Earth?
Of course not!
Man's pure, good nature and sound reason
do not accept anything like that or even less than that about their God, the
Creator, Who should be glorified and exalted.
In order to clarify the ignorance and
falsehood of these accusations, we pose the following rhetorical question:
1.
If the Son and the Holy Spirit
proceeded from the Father by force and necessity, without will, intent or
choice, was the so-called Father aware of this or unaware?
And if He was aware, then the Son and the
Holy Spirit did not proceed from Him by force and necessity, which proves the
inconsistency of the beliefs they claim.
And if He was not aware of the Son and the
Holy Spirit proceeding from Him, as in their claim that the Son and the Holy
Spirit both came forth from Him by essential consent, we would ask them,
according to their lies:
If we were to concede for the sake of
argument that this is possible, then did the so-called 'Father' know of the
proceeding of the Son and the Holy Spirit from Him afterwards or did He not
know?
Then, if He knew of the Son and the Holy
Spirit proceeding from Him afterwards, then this proves that something new was
added to the knowledge of God, the Father, that was not there before. So,
either what He learned came to Him from some other source, or He learned on His
own after not knowing, according to what they claim.
Both purported statements are impossible
and corrupt things to say about God, which brings us to the conclusion that the
basis of this belief is incorrect and ignorant, and that it is nothing but a
false accusation, which Allah (Noble & Sublime) has not authorized.
The so-called 'monotheism' of these
Christians is figurative, not literal. In fact, they call it: complex
monotheism. In other words, it is not true monotheism, so simple people do not
understand it, which confirms what we have demonstrated previously.
Thus, we ask
another rhetorical question:
2.
If God, the Son, was begotten
by God, the Father, and was incarnated in a human body with his own special
nature for the sake of being humiliated, crucified, and executed in this
purported sacrifice, then what is to prevent this Divine Son from being
incarnated in any other creature, such as an angel, jinn, or some
fantastical being? What is to prevent the purported sacrifice—the humiliation,
the crucifixion, and the execution—from happening to him again, or even
something more terrible and horrific than that? What is to say that what
happened to him hasn't happened many, many times before (even before Adam was
created)?
We say this merely as a point of rhetoric
to refute the lies of the Christians and their egregious statements about Allah
Almighty.
If a person accepts and condones in his
beliefs and convictions any attribute that is imperfect or reproachable in the
God he worships, when he must necessarily exalt and glorify Him above such
things, when he should not equate His Actions with those of human beings or any
other creature that Allah Almighty made from nothing, then it would be no
surprise to find him accepting and condoning in his beliefs and convictions a
second attribute that is imperfect or reproachable, or a third…in his God and
Creator, Who he should exalt and glorify instead of reproach and find fault
with.
If God had taken the Messiah as His
son—even if only figuratively—then what would prevent this God from taking
another son, or more, from among the Heavenly Hosts of Angels, who are more
noble in form than human beings? Or why wouldn't He take a son from the jinn—even
if only figuratively—due to a special nature He shares with them? Furthermore,
why wouldn't He take one or more wives from among the jinn or others due
to a special nature He shares with them, too?
We say this to rebuke and refute their
lies.
Allah forbid that among His Attributes
there should be such blatant falsehood!
To ask another rhetorical question:
3. If the
Christians believe about the Messiah that he is a god or the son of a
god—according to the differences between their heretical sects—because he was
born without a father, then what should we say about Adam (peace be upon him),
when Allah (Mighty & Majestic) created him without a mother or father? Should
we ascribe divinity or partial divinity to him, too? Should we claim that he
was a god or the son of a god, too?
God forbid! Of course not! May Allah be
exalted high above such wicked falsehoods!
To pose yet another rhetorical question:
4. If the
Christians believe in the divinity of the Messiah due to the miracles that
occurred at his hand—as support from Allah (Mighty & Majestic) to establish
the truth of his message—then what should we say about Muhammad (pbuh) and
Moses (pbuh) and all the other prophets and messengers? They came with many,
many miracles and wonders, granted to them from Allah (Glorious & Exalted),
to support them in the truth of their prophethood and message. Does this force
us to believe in their divinity?
We ask again, rhetorically:
5. How
did the Virgin Mary, a human being, carry a god or the son of a god in her
womb?
How can a lesser being contain a higher
being?
How could such a divine being come out
through the birth canal as a little child, opening its mouth at its mother's
breast?
What if a human being were to marry a cow?
What if human nature were to blend with animal nature? Would the progeny be
half human and half cow?
Does it make sense for divine nature to
mix with human nature?
God forbid! Of course not! Such a corrupt
belief and murky legend cannot be acceptable to man's pure, good nature, nor
can it be accepted by a rightly-guided, superior intellect.
The Christians are equal to those who
worship cows and other pagans, since they worship a human being, from among the
creatures Allah Almighty created. They ascribe to him divinity, or partial
divinity, or his nature, according to their misguided sectarian differences due
to the falsehood they are swimming in.
So we ask again, rhetorically, since
straightforward and honest logic won't accept this:
6. What
would force God, the Creator, to do something repulsive like that, when it does
not agree or befit His Divinity, when He is Able to create and do what He
wills?
How could he leave the 'son of God' to be
humiliated by the Jews—as they claim—and then crucified and executed without
protecting Himself?
If He was unable to protect Himself from
those who would insult and humiliate him, then how could God, the Father, leave
His 'son' to be humiliated and then crucified, and then to die without
protecting him?
If the 'Divine Son' was willing to offer
himself as a sacrifice to atone for the sins of Adam and his descendents after
him, then why did he try to run away and ask God, the Father, to save him?
Wasn't he a god or a willing sacrifice?
How could God leave His son to be
humiliated and killed by the Jews who disbelieved in him and called him a liar
and claim that this was a cause for the remission of the sins of the children
of Adam, when he had no part in these sins?
What would force Him to do that when He is
God, the Creator, to Whom belongs the Power to forgive, without any need for
such make-believe stories and wicked falsehoods as the Christians believe in?
Does it make sense that the children of
Adam bear responsibility for their father, Adam's, disobedience of his Lord
when he ate from the tree that he was forbidden to eat from?
Does it make sense that the son bear the
sins of his father or even part of them when he had no relation to those sins?
Is that Divine Wisdom and Justice which we
must glorify and vindicate of all that is not befitting of it?
How strange! What grave could contain the
God of the Heavens and the Earth after being humiliated and insulted, crucified
and executed, shrouded and buried?
These delusions and wicked assumptions are
nothing but fantastic legends like the legends and fables of ancient peoples
and nations.
Some intelligent poets rightly rendered
such people speechless when they said:
How strange is the Messiah
among the Christians,
And to which father is he
ascribed!
They delivered him to the Jews
and said,
After killing him, they hung
him on the cross.
If what they say is true,
And correct, then where was his
father,
When His son fell captive to
the enemy?
Do you think they pleased Him
or angered Him?
If He was pleased with their
ill treatment of him,
Then praise them for torturing
him.
And if He was angered, then
leave Him and
And worship them, for they defeated
Him.
Straightforward, honest logic
and good, pure nature do not tolerate such folly, such fabrications, and such
lies against Allah Almighty, the Creator and Maker. May Allah be glorified
above all such wicked falsehoods!
It is also strange because the idea of
hereditary sin is rejected in the book they hold sacred. In Deuteronomy 24: 16,
"The fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither shall the
children be put to death for the fathers: every man shall be put to death for
his own sin."
In Ezekiel 18: 20, "The soul that
sinneth, it shall die. The son shall not bear the iniquity of the father,
neither shall the father bear the iniquity of the son: the righteousness of the
righteous shall be upon him, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon
him."
Even though the idea of hereditary sin was
rejected as we can see in their books, we find that they still believe in it as
doctrine, as we indicated in the story of the so-called sacrifice. They say,
"Their mothers bore us in sin"! This contradiction is only due to the
corruption and deviation in their books, which led to the defects in their
beliefs.
Likewise, we find that the issue of the
so-called sacrifice—in which they claim that God, the Son, offered himself up
to humiliation, crucifixion, and execution at the hands of the Jews in order to
atone for the sin of Adam, who ate from the forbidden tree, and the sins of his
descendents after him because of the inheritance of sin—was mistaken.
Thus the nature of the so-called Son was
either mortal or immortal: subject to death or not subject to death.
If his nature was mortal, he was not a
god, and therefore it is not right to claim that he is a god and a sacrifice at
the same time.
And if the nature of the so-called Son is
immortal because he is a god, then he could not die. Thus, there would be no
sacrifice or any of those other fables and hoaxes. This confirms the falsehood
of such corrupt beliefs.
The Christians made God, the so-called
'Father,' an extreme, cruel god. He does not forgive or grant pardon, as with
Adam's mistake. According to them, He is incapable of fixing His problem.
From another perspective, they make God,
the so-called 'Father,' loving toward mankind, sacrificing for them, and
generous of self for their benefit, even though they claim that God, the Son,
originally begotten by the Father, may Allah be exalted high above all of this.
The beliefs of the Christians are
contradictory in the concept of Divinity itself.
Whereas they describe God as the Creator,
we find that they ascribe to Him a son.
Whereas they say that God is One, they say
that He is made up of three persons: the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit,
and they claim that each one is a god.
In this there is ignorance of basic
requirements. They acknowledge three gods, and then make three gods into one,
but in making the three into one, and the one into three, they have
transgressed the boundaries of reason and sabotaged its necessary requirements.
In
fact, a priest has even written a book, called, The Inner God, claiming
that God has no external existence, and that faith in God is merely belief in a
collection of proverbs and moral principles. This theological denial of the
Creator is widespread among the cultured masses of both religions: Christianity
and Judaism.
Many Christians have embraced Islam after
seeing that the Messiah (peace be upon him) in the Quran in a full picture,
free of the contradictions and differences that Christians live with. That is
why the church tries to face this by making up lies and misleading arguments.
They claim that the Quran acknowledges the divinity of the Messiah by taking
ambiguous verses and intentionally interpreting them incorrectly. They do not
refer back to unequivocal verses. They do this on purpose to defend their
corrupt beliefs and embarrassing positions when many of their fold are
embracing Islam, and to support their false doctrines.
Thus, they voluntarily and intentionally
claim falsely that the divinity of the Messiah was mentioned in the Saying of
Allah Most High, {…and His Word ("Be!" –and he was) which He bestowed
on Mary and a spirit from Him.}[Al-Nisaa' 4: 171]
To refute this
false, incorrect interpretation and reprehensible audacity:
1. They
did not quote the verse in its entirety, nor did they mention other clear
verses, so that they might not be exposed and their plan might not fail, and so
that they might get closer to their lowly goals.
The full verse is as follows:
{Oh people of the Scripture
(Jews and Christians)! Do not exceed the limits in your religion, nor say of
Allah aught but the truth. The Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, was (no more than)
a Messenger of Allah and His Word ("Be!"—and he was) which He bestowed
on Mary and a spirit from Him; so believe in Allah and His Messengers. Say not:
"Three (trinity)!" Cease! (It is) better for you. For Allah is (the
only) One God, Glory be to Him above having a son. To Him belongs all that is
in the heavens and all that is in the earth. And Allah is All-Sufficient as a
Disposer of affairs.
[Al-Nisaa' 4: 171]
In this way, it is clear that
the verse means the opposite of what the priests attempt to falsely claim.
2. Why do
they try to use these false claims as evidence of the divinity of the Messiah?
Why do they resort to using only parts of these Noble Verses from the Holy
Quran, even though they do not believe in it? Why, when, in fact, they deny it,
out of misguidance and stubbornness?
Undoubtedly, it is false evidence, proceeding
from their vain desires and their insolence before Allah Almighty, since they
find what they wish for in these short snippets of Quranic verses and because
they are capable of false interpretation.
3. We
clarify the meaning of the Saying of the Most High, {…and His Word
("Be!"—and he was) which He bestowed on Mary…}:
First: the meaning of {Word} in the Noble
Verse is as in the Saying of Allah, {…the Words of Allah would not be
exhausted...}[Luqman 31: 27] which means His signs and the wonders of His
Abilities. These Verses explain the Saying of the Most High, {....and We made
her (Mary) and her son (Jesus) a sign for (all) the worlds.}[Al-Anbiyaa' 21:
91]
Second: the meaning of {Word} in the Noble
Verse is the Saying of Allah Most High, {"Be"}.
This means that Allah (Glorious &
Exalted) created the Messiah, Jesus (peace be upon him), by His Power, without
a father, according to His Will and Wisdom, by saying, {"Be"}, and it
was as He wanted (Noble & Sublime), just as it was in respect to Adam
(peace be upon him), as in the Saying of Allah Most High, {Verily, the likeness
of Jesus in Allah's Sight is the likeness of Adam. He created him from dust,
then said to him, "Be!"—and he was.}[Aal-`Imran 3: 59]
Third: the meaning of {Word} in the Noble
Verse is the word with which Allah (Glorious & Exalted) made the
announcement to Mary, {(Remember) when the angels said, "Oh Mary! Verily,
Allah gives you the glad tidings of a Word ("Be!"—and he was! i.e.,
the creation of Jesus) from Him, his name will be the Messiah, Jesus, son of
Mary, held in honor in this world and in the Hereafter, and he will be one of
those who are near to Allah."}[Aal-`Imran 3: 45]
4. The
genitive construction in Arabic (idaafah), linking the word {spirit} to
Allah (Glorious & Exalted) is as in the Noble Verse, {…and a spirit from
Him…}
First: this genitive construction confers
honor because it falls under the category of created things that belong to
Allah, such as the Messenger of Allah, as in the Verse, {…Muhammad is the
Messenger of Allah…}[Al-Fath 48: 29], the House of Allah, as in the Verse,
{…and sanctify My House for those who circumambulate it…}[Al-Hajj 22: 26], and
Allah's she-camel, as in the Verse, {…this she-camel of Allah is a sign to
you…}[Hud 11: 64]
Second: the linking of the word {spirit}
to Allah (Glorious & Exalted) is further explained in the Noble Verse, {And
He has subjected to you all that is in the heavens and all that is in the
earth; it is all as a favor and kindness from Him.}[Al-Jaathiyah 45: 13]
{it is all…from Him} means: from His
creation and from unto Him. {from} does not denote divisibility, but rather
initiation of purpose.
Third: the linking of the word {spirit} to
Allah Almighty, in that the Messiah (peace be upon him) used to raise the dead
by Allah's Leave, as a miracle given unto him, as a sign of his prophethood and
message. However, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was also granted miracles, such
as the miracle of the weeping tree trunk from which he used to deliver his sermon,
and it is known that the bringing to life of soulless wood is greater than the
revival of a corpse that had once contained a soul. It was also less than what
happened to the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) when the poisoned lamb meat spoke after
it had been slaughtered and roasted.
Fourth: the linking of the word {spirit} to Allah Almighty,
because it was not the Word that became the Messiah, Jesus; rather, Jesus
(peace be upon him) came into being by the Word.
Fifth: the linking of the word {spirit} to
Allah Almighty, because the Messiah, Jesus (peace be upon him), was created
from a spirit created by Allah Almighty.
Sixth: the linking of the word {spirit} to
Allah Almighty means: the spirit Allah (Blessed & Exalted) sent the Angel
Gabriel (peace be upon him) with, since all creatures have a soul, but does
that mean that they are all gods or that they have a Divine Nature?
Seven: the linking of the word {spirit} to
Allah Almighty, since the Angel Gabriel (peace be upon him) blew his soul into
the Virgin Mary that she might give birth to the Messiah, Jesus (peace be upon
him). Thus, it is one of His mysteries.
Eight: The Saying of Allah, {…and a spirit
from Him…} means: a messenger from Him or out of love for Him.
From the information presented, the
Christians' lies and accusations in their false claims and insolent denial
become clear from many angles. The Holy Quran is truth and it contains only the
truth. There is no contradiction between its Verses and the doctrine it proclaims.
It is the Perfect Scripture of the Almighty which falsehood can never assail,
neither directly, nor from behind.
Now we will present some
examples of refutations of the false claims and erroneous accusations
perpetrated by this misguided religious community against God the Creator, in
the form of debates collected from the book, The Method of Argument and
Debate in Settling Matters of Belief (Manhaj al-Jadal wal-Munadharah fi
Taqrir al-I`tiqaad), by Dr. Uthman Ali Hassan. Then we will briefly summarize,
Allah willing.
To start, the Christians' heretical,
blasphemous claims which they have attributed and attached to the Divine Being,
in transgression, injustice, and contempt, are claims that bear no proof or
evidence, whether observational, rational, or scriptural. Indeed, they are pure
falsehood and slander, the product of vain desire and conjecture, as Allah
tells us,
{Verily! You utter an awful saying, indeed.}
[Al-Israa' 17: 40]
{Indeed you have brought forth (said) a terrible, evil thing. * Whereby
the heavens are almost torn, and the earth is split asunder, and the mountains
fall in ruins, * That they ascribe a son to the Most Beneficent. * But it is
not suitable for the Most Beneficent that He should beget a son. * There is
none in the heavens and the earth but that it comes unto the Most Beneficent as
a slave.}
[Maryam 19: 89-93]
{Glorified be Allah! (He is free) from what they attribute unto Him!}
[Al-Saafaat 37: 159]
{While they have no knowledge thereof. They follow but a guess, and
verily, guess is no substitute for the truth.}
[Al-Najm 53: 28]
If the Christians have taken the Messiah
as a god to be worshipped because he was born without a father, then
worshipping Adam would (hypothetically) be more worthy since he was born
without a father or mother.
If the Christians have taken the Messiah
as a god to be worshipped because of the miracles performed at his hand (as
support from Allah for His prophet so that his people would believe him), then
worshipping Muhammad (pbuh) and Moses (pbuh) would (hypothetically) be more
worthy because the miracles and wonders performed at their hands were greater
in number and magnitude.
The truth is one and it is clear; it bears
no contradiction and its evidence is not in dispute.
A
Debate about the Christian Claim of 'God in Three Persons'
The Christians
claim that God is made up of three persons, or hypostases, yet they differ in
defining these supposed hypostases: are they traits, beings, or qualities?
However, they agree that they are three: the Father, the Son, and the Holy
Spirit. They claim that the Son is the Word of the Father, and that the Father
knows things through the Word (the Son), and that the Holy Spirit is the life
for whose sake the Father lives (according to their stories and blasphemous
lies).
So it should be said to them: Is every one
of these three persons distinct from the other? Or is each one of them the
other?
If they say: Each one of them is the
other, it should be said to them: Then why have you made them three?
The number itself indicates contrast and
lack of similarity. Thus, by your own words, you have confirmed what you deny,
and you have negated what you assert.
But if they say: Every one of these three
persons is distinct from the other, it should be said to them: Which one of
these three persons do you prefer to the other?
If they say: We do not prefer any of these
persons over the other, their own initial words reaffirm that these three
persons are one.
Thus, it becomes clear through this debate
how much such a false and corrupt belief contradicts itself.
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